Chapter 1:
B.F. Skinner is the author. In this book, shape is the operative word which means the behavior of people subjected to gears and boxes and buttons and strict schedules of reinforcement. There is two part in our brain for learning, which are basal ganglia and frontal cortex. Author had talk with Skinner's daughter to find out how is Deborah doing. She went to Skinner's house to understand more about him. He is not just a scientist, but also a humanist.
Chapter 2:
Stanley Milgram's experiment is here again. It begins with his famous experiment and talks more about his childhood and how he became a scientist. Laughter during the lab is a sign of between comedy and tragedy.Author meet one of the subject, and he reply he stop because of afraid that he will get heart attack. Joshua is the subject and a solider in WWII. Milgram has turned down by universities and start to has heart problem. Jacob is another subject who didn't face his life before the experiment. Obscura means darker in Spanish.
Chapter3:
David rosenhan is a Stanford professor who want to test how well psychiatrists were able to distinguish sane and insane. He ask 8 of his friend to participate in this experiment. Spitzer , a professor working in bio metrics lab at Columbia, wrote report on Rosenhan. DSM is diagnostic and statistical manual on mental disorder. Author decided to redo the experiment by herself. She done it eight more times. Doctors give her antidepressants and anti-psychotics. She is not admitted to any hospital and professionals was nice to her. And she didn't talk to Rosenhan.
Chapter 4:
Darley and Latane's training manual- a five stage approach.
1. I, You, the potential helper, must notice an event is occurring
2. you must intrepret the event as one in which help is needed
3. you must assume personal responsbility
4. You must decide what action to take
5. You must then take action
Their experiment is to see what happens when, in a group crisis, there is no authority to take charge. size of the group does matter which if subjects in any size group didn't report the emergency within the first three minutes, they were highly unlikely to so at any point.
There is second experiment which when people are filling out form, they has smoke come out from vent. But one seems calm about it, then the subject will stay calm too. This is social cuing.
Chapter 5:
Leon Festincer is from Russian studied at University of Iowa mentor by Genman psychologist Kurt Lewin. His work is "The psychological opposition of irreconcilable ideas held simultaneously by one individual, created a movtivating force that would lead, under proper conditions, to the adjustment of one's belief to fit one's behavior- instead of changing one's behavior to fit one's belief(the sequence conventionally assumed)." He organized a few cohorts to go under cover to see how do human beings react when prophecy fails. people start to leap to lies, overlook, sift through, sort out, tamp down. Another experiment is he paid some people 20 dollars to lie and other only 1 dollars to lie. And who had lied for one dollar were far more likely to claim that they really elieved the lie. people paid with $20 experienced less dissonance. Dissonance theory predicts taht the more paltry the reward for engaging in behavior that is in consisitent with one's beliefs, the more likely the person is to change their beliefs. He called what happens in the cult is Belief/Disconfirmation Paradigm, and lying for money he called the Insufficient Rewards Paradigm. Meet Audrey and Linda who had accident before and become a saint now.
Chapter 6:
Harry Harlow's experiments with wire monkeys. Infant monkeys cared more for a soft surrogate mother than a metal milk-bearing one. He is raised in Iowa who doesn't fit into the crowd. Terman gave him a job at University of Wisconsin. He is studying monkey and he found they love the towels. Contact comfort as an essential component of love. Money will still choose the inprint mom instead of masked mom. But the result actually is wrong, and Rosenblum had made another monkey that could rock.
Chapter 7:
Their idea is to test the animals in a truly benevolent environment, and to see whether addiction was stil the inevitable result. if it was, then drugs deserved to be demonized. Bruce Alexander stated there is no such thing as a chemical that causes addiction. Milner and Olds wanted to locate the brain's pleasure centers and hypothesized that they existed in the subreticular formation. They think our body adapts to the synthetic input by ceasing its own private production which is called the neuroadaptive model.author did the experiment herself, and it show her maybe she live in a colony, maybe didn't proceed to injection.
Chapter 8:
This chapter is about giving false memory into people's mind. The experiment works like the family talk through the journals to the subject, and including the false memory. The false memory is about lost in the mall. One out four people actually believe this and gave detail about this experience.
Chapter 9:
This chapter discusses Eric Kandel and his research on human memory and its storage in the brain. It talks about Henry who experienced seizures and convulsions, due to epilepsy, and had his hippocampus removed by Dr. Scoville. The brain surgery stopped Henry's seizures but also kept him from being able to make new memories. After reading about this story Kandel learned about neurons and human memory. He performed experiments on sea slugs because of their easily accessible neurons and discovered CREB and CREB repressors. CREB is a brain molecule that triggers the production of proteins that hold memories. Later, Kandel started a company that produced pills to help with memory enhancement.
Chapter 10:
Psycho surgery and lobotomies are the main topics of this chapter. The author talks about Antonio Moniz, the father of lobotomy, and his experiments in psycho surgery. The author also talks about the positive and negative effects that a psycho surgical procedure can have on a person's life. However, she notes that some people would rather face the negative effects of a surgery than deal with their depression, anxiety, and other related issues. Late in the chapter, Charlie Newitz and his OCD is discussed. He tried a bunch of different medications, however nothing worked so he underwent psycho surgery. After the surgery his OCD was gone, but also reported feeling depressed. He did think that dealing with depression was better that dealing with OCD.
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